精品施工企业三类人员安全生产考核模拟..81.ppt
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1、Gender and Health: Explanations.Dr Dominic UptonDefinitions.nSex: Biological difference.nMales: XYnFemales:XXnGender: Culturally produced. n“Masculine” and “Feminine”Why differences in behaviour?nGenetic- unlikely.nSome possible explanations:Reactions of parents and other adults.Books and stories.Te
2、levision.School and peer-group influences.Patriarchal society.So why are women unhealthy, and men die earlier? nReporting bias.nAwareness of symptoms.nAcknowledgement of symptoms.nSeeking medical help.nHealth practitioner bias.nSocial and behavioural factors. Reporting biasnWomen are around more and
3、 take part in surveys. nMen do not take as much time off as work due to financial pressures. Women are more aware of symptoms. nMenses, reproduction and hormonal changes;nWomen seen as “care-giver”;nWomen read, watch and talk more about health; Acknowledgement of symptoms.nBoys act in a stoical mann
4、er;nMedical profession reinforce this view;MacIntyre et al (1993)nMen and women infected with cold virus;nWomen rated as having cold (by male) more than men;nMen complained of cold more;nInterpretations?nWhinging male? (surely not)Seeking medical help.nGreater need: No relationship between consultat
5、ion and need;nPredisposing factors: Women more likely to take on submissive role. nEnabling factors: Housewives more able to visit doctor than men. nWomen use GP as coping process. nAll these may help to explain differences in mortality and morbidity. Health Practitioner bias.nWomen go to the doctor
6、 more;nAre medicated more by GP;nAre referred on more;nHave procedures performed on them more;nEventually believe that symptoms are indicative of illness or disease more.Social Factors.nMale Lifestyle:nMore smoking;nMore drinking un-sensibly;nType A behaviour;nBad diet;nMore stress;nDrive faster and
7、 with less care (surely not);nCommit suicide more;nWork environment unhealthy;nEngage in less positive health behaviours;nMore accidents.Lifestyle in Wales. Smoking in Wales.Smoking by age (2000). Socialisation?nBoys are socialised to take part in riskier games;nMacho lifestyle;nWaldron (1976): 75%
8、of difference in mortality due to these behavioural factors. Femininity, masculinity and health.nAnnandale and Hunt (1990):nFemales report poorer health than males;nLow masculinity had high morbidity;nHigh masculinity had low morbidity;nThus gender gap and not just related to health. The Kibbutz exp
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