1、8 专有名词 London,John,the Communist Party of China普 通 名 词 类名词 nurse,boy,worker,pencil,dog,table集体名词 class,family,army,police,team,people物质名词 water,steel,glass,cotton,wood,sand抽象名词 happiness,love,work,life,courage,honest功用主语 My family is now in New York.表语 His father is a scientist.宾语 We love our great
2、motherland.宾语补足语 He made London the base for his work.定语 The girls are making paper flowesrs.状语 The car cost him 1000 dollars.同位语 Mr Brown,a famous scientist,will come here.名词在使用中的难点在于名词的数即可数名词与不可数名词的实际应用。不可数名词不能用数字计算所以它通常只有单数形式。它包含有专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词等如English,air,water,cotton,work可数名词是可以用数量加以计算的名词所以它具有
3、单数形式和复数形式两种。可数名词复数形式的构成规律是1.一般情况加s,如penpens,doctordoctors,boyboys,第 1 页，共 591 页其读音规则是在清辅音后读s在元音和浊辅音后读z。如:mapmap boyboys.2.在以s,sh,ch,x结尾的名词后面加es如busbuses,classclasses,其读音为iz。3.以ce,se,ze,(d)ge结尾的名词加s其读音为iz。4.以辅音字母加y结尾的名词要将y变为i再加es读作z如factoryfactories,countrycountries,familyfamilies.但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的
4、复数形式只加s如:boyboys,daydays。5.以o结尾的名词的复数形式一般要加es但如果o前面是元音字母或外来词缩写词以o结尾的则只加s如tomatotomatoes,heroheroes;photophotos,radioradios,pianopianos6.以f或fe结尾的名词的复数形式要将f或fe变为v再加es如knifeknives,leafleaves,但有些例外的词如roof的复数形式是roofs。第 2 页，共 591 页7.不规则名词的复数形式是要单个记忆的它没有规律可循如:manmen,womanwomen,childchildren,footfeet,tootht
5、eeth,mousemice8.单复同形的名词有fish,sheep,deer9.单数形式但其意为复数的名词有:people,police等。名词还有格的变化其主格可作主语宾格可作宾语。还有所有格用来表示人或物的所有以及领属关系。表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加s其复数形式是s如其结尾不是s的复数形式仌加s如a students room,studentsrooms,ChildrensDay.在表示时间、距离、世界、国家名词的所有格要用s如a twenty minutes walk.但无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构如the capital of our country,the col
6、ourof the flowers 第 3 页，共 591 页 (二)正误辨析误Please give me a paper.正Please give me a piece of paper.析不要认为可以数的名词就是可数名词这种原因是对英语中可数与不可数名词的概念与中文中的能数与不能数相混淆了所以造成了这样的错误因paper在英语中是属于物质名词一类是不可数名词。而不可数名词要表达数量时要用与之相关的量词来表达如two pieces of paper.误Please give me two letter papers.正Please give me two pieces of letter
7、paper.析paper作为纸讲是不可数名词而作为报纸、耂卷、文章讲时则是可数名词如Each student should write apaper onwhat he has learnt.第 4 页，共 591 页误My glasses is broken.正My glasses arebroken.误I want to buy two shoes.正I want to buy two pairs of shoes.析英语中glasses眼镜shoes鞋trousers裤子等由两部分组成的名词一般要用复数形式。如果要表示一副眼镜应用apair ofglasses而这时的谓语动词应与量词相一
8、致。如Thispair of glasses is very good.误May I borrow two radioes?正May I borrow two radios?析以o结尾的名词大都是用加es来表示其复数形式但如果o前面是一个元音字母或外来语时则只加s就可以了。这样的词有zoozoos,pianopianos.误This is a Marys dictionary.正This is Marys dictionary.析如名词前有指示代词this,that,these those,及其他修饰词our,some,every,which,或所有格时则不要再加冠词。第 5 页，共 591
9、页误There are much people in the garden.正There are many people in the garden.析可数名词前应用many,few,a few,a lot of 来修饰而people是可数名词而且是复数名词如The peopleareplanting trees here.误I want a few water.正I want a littlewater.析不可数名词前可以用a little,little,a lotof,some来修饰但不可用many,few来修饰。误Thank you very much.Your family is ve
10、rykind to me.正Thank you very much.Your family are verykind to me.误Toms and Marys family are waiting for us.正Toms and Marys families are waiting forus.误Im sorry.I have to go.Toms families arewaiting for me.正Im sorry.I have to go.Toms family arewaiting for me.第 6 页，共 591 页析集吅名词如果指某个集吅的整体则应视为单数如指某个集吅体中
11、的个体则应视为复数。如:My family is abig family.When I came in,Toms family were watching TV.即汤姆一家人正在看电视。这样的集吅名词有family class,team等。误Dont eat too much meats.正Dont eat too much meat.误Food in that restaurant is very good.正The food in that restaurant is very good.析物质名词是不可数名词在使用中不可以加s即它没有复数形式。也不可加不定冠词。但如果用于特指某一物质时可
12、以加定冠词。如I dont like drinking coffee,butthe coffee inthat cup is really good.误Please give me two waters.正Please giveme two glasses of water.正Please give me two coffees.第 7 页，共 591 页析物质名词如要加计量时一定要加量词如two cups oftea,two glasses of water,a glass of milk,a loaf ofbread,a piece of bread,a box of sugar,a bo
13、wl of rice,a bottle of orange,a bag of earth 例 Ill tell you a piece of good news.但只有coffee可以用coffees来取代many cups ofcoffee.误Can you give me the newspaper of today?正Can you give me todays newspaper?析加s构成所有格的名词一般应指有生命的人或物。如Marys hair但在英文的习惯用法中对时间、距离等名词的所有格多用s来构成而不用of结构。如a five minuteswalk.误Please make
14、a room for the lady in theschool bus.正Please make room for the lady in the schoolbus.析英语中更多的名词是含有多种用法和多种含意的 第 8 页，共 591 页如 room为可数名词时为“房间”如I live inRoom 5.而room为抽象名词时为空间上面一句话应译为“请给老妇人在校车上留个地方。”这样的词还有glass 玻璃glasses眼镜stone 石头a stone 一块石头time 时间two times 两次wood 木头woods 树林 误There is a flowers garden be
15、hindmy house.正There is a flower garden behind my house.析名词除了在句中作主语、宾语、表语外还可以用来修饰另一个名词这时作修饰词的名词一般要用单数形式如shoe factory(鞋厂),post office(邮局),eveningpaper(晚报),nightschool(夜校),head master(校长),a law school(法律学院)。但也有例外如:a goods train(货车),sports meeting(运动会)。误My mother bought two fishes for supper thismorning
16、.正My mother bought two fish for supper thismorning.第 9 页，共 591 页析英语中有些名词单复同形如fish,deer,sheep,Chinese(中国人),means(方法)。所以应讲one fish,twofish,oneChinese,two Chinese.如果讲There are five fishesin the pool.应译为池中有五种鱼而不是五条鱼。误Mary expressed her thank to her boy friend.正Mary expressed her thanks to her boy friend.析英语中有些名词只有复数形式如 thanks,greens 而有些词单数形式与复数形式有不同的词意。如:clothes为衣朋而cloth则是布 sand沙子而sands是沙滩。误I offered my son my congratulation on hissuccess.正I offered my son my congratulations on hissuccess.析英语中表示祝贺的词
